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Research papers on Head injuries and long-term brain effects in contact sports

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  1. Animal models of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

    Kelly M McAteer, Renee J Turner, Frances Corrigan · 2017 · Concussion · 21 citations

    Repeated head impacts have been suggested to be associated with the development of the neurodegenerative disorder, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is characterized by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau within the brain, with accompanying cognitive and behavioral deficits. How a history of repeated head impacts can lead to the later development of CTE is not yet known, and as such appropriate animal models are required. Over the last decade a number of rodent models of repeated mild traumatic brain injury have been developed that are broadly based on traditional traumatic brain injury models, in controlled cortical impact, fluid percussion and weight drop models, with ada

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  3. Epidemiological Principles in Claims of Causality: An Enquiry into Repetitive Head Impacts (RHI) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

    Lauren V. Fortington, J. David Cassidy, Rudolph J. Castellani, et al. · 2025 · Sports Medicine · 16 citations

    Determining whether repetitive head impacts (RHI) cause the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)-neuropathological change (NC) and whether pathological changes cause clinical syndromes are topics of considerable interest to the global sports medicine community. In 2022, an article was published that used the Bradford Hill criteria to evaluate the claim that RHI cause CTE. The publication garnered international media attention and has since been promoted as definitive proof that causality has been established. Our counterpoint presents an appraisal of the published article in terms of the claims made and the scientific literature used in developing those claims. We conclude t

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  4. Prevalence of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes With Repetitive Head Impacts: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

    Bote Qi, Jingwang Tan, Dushuo Feng, et al. · 2025 · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · 14 citations

    Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI), which is commonly observed in athletes participating in contact sports. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to provide a clearer elucidation of the prevalence, risk factors, and potential outcomes of CTE in athletes. Through a comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (January 2015 to July 2024), we ultimately included eight eligible studies with a low risk of bias involving 1000 former contact sports athletes diagnosed by neuropathological methods. Data were analyzed in a random‐effects meta‐analysis. The results indicated that the

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  5. ‘The highest confidence that repetitive head collisions causes chronic traumatic encephalopathy’? Analysing the scientific knowledge in the Rugby Union concussion litigation of England and Wales

    Jonathan Kilgallon · 2024 · The International Sports Law Journal · 6 citations

    295 rugby players have begun legal proceedings against World Rugby, the Rugby Football Union and the Welsh Rugby Union. The claimants report they are suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Among the allegations against the defendants is that the player safety regulations (i.e. the Pitch Side Concussion Assessment and Return to Play protocols) in place at the time of injury were done without proper medical foresight and increased the risks of concussion to players. World Rugby’s safety regulations are informed by the work of the Concussion in Sport Group which maintains that the link between collisions and concussion is unclear. However, recent studies report an unprecedented confid

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