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Research papers on Diabetes management technology

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  1. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Diabetes Management: A Review of Technologies and Applications

    Giacomo Cappon, Martina Vettoretti, Giovanni Sparacino, et al. · 2019 · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · 477 citations

    By providing blood glucose (BG) concentration measurements in an almost continuous-time fashion for several consecutive days, wearable minimally-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are revolutionizing diabetes management, and are becoming an increasingly adopted technology especially for diabetic individuals requiring insulin administrations. Indeed, by providing glucose real-time insights of BG dynamics and trend, and being equipped with visual and acoustic alarms for hypo- and hyperglycemia, CGM devices have been proved to improve safety and effectiveness of diabetes therapy, reduce hypoglycemia incidence and duration, and decrease glycemic variability. Furthermore, the re

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  2. The Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 352 citations

    OBJECTIVE: The potential benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of adults and children with well-controlled type 1 diabetes have not been examined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 129 adults and children with intensively treated type 1 diabetes (age range 8–69 years) and A1C <7.0% were randomly assigned to either continuous or standard glucose monitoring for 26 weeks. The main study outcomes were time with glucose level ≤70 mg/dl, A1C level, and severe hypoglycemic events. RESULTS: At 26 weeks, biochemical hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dl) was less frequent in the CGM group than in the control group (median 54 vs. 91 min/day), but the difference was not statistic

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  3. Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Clinical Care Environment

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 297 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To determine whether continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is effective in the management of type 1 diabetes when implemented in a manner that more closely approximates clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: After completion of a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating CGM in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes, CGM was initiated in the trial's control group with less intensive training and follow-up than was included in the RCT. Subjects had an outpatient training session, two follow-up phone calls, and outpatient visits at 1, 4, 13, and 26 weeks. For subjects with baseline A1C ≥7.0%, the primary outcome was change in A1C at 6 months. RESULT

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  4. Complications of Diabetes and Metrics of Glycemic Management Derived From Continuous Glucose Monitoring

    Michael Yapanis, Steven James, Maria E. Craig, et al. · 2022 · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 295 citations

    CONTEXT: Although glycated hemoglobin A1c is currently the best parameter used clinically to assess risk for the development of diabetes complications, it does not provide insight into short-term fluctuations in glucose levels. This review summarizes the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics of glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: PubMed and Embase databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to August 22, 2020, using the terms type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, and measures of glycaemic variability. Exclusion criteria were studies that did not use CGM a

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  5. Factors Predictive of Use and of Benefit From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 220 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with successful use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) among participants with intensively treated type 1 diabetes in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Randomized Clinical Trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The 232 participants randomly assigned to the CGM group (165 with baseline A1C ≥7.0% and 67 with A1C <7.0%) were asked to use CGM on a daily basis. The associations of baseline factors and early CGM use with CGM use ≥6 days/week in the 6th month and with change in A1C from baseline to 6 months were evaluated in regression models. RESULTS: The only baseline factors found to be associated with greater CG

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  6. Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors

    Martina Vettoretti, Giacomo Cappon, Andrea Facchinetti, et al. · 2020 · Sensors · 176 citations

    Wearable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are revolutionizing the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). These sensors provide in real-time, every 1-5 min, the current blood glucose concentration and its rate-of-change, two key pieces of information for improving the determination of exogenous insulin administration and the prediction of forthcoming adverse events, such as hypo-/hyper-glycemia. The current research in diabetes technology is putting considerable effort into developing decision support systems for patient use, which automatically analyze the patient's data collected by CGM sensors and other portable devices, as well as providing personalized recommendations about thera

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  7. Prolonged Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Is Common During 12 Months of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 154 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To characterize the amount of nocturnal hypoglycemia and evaluate factors associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adults and children with type 1 diabetes who participated in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation CGM randomized clinical trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The analysis included 36,467 nights with ≥4 h of CGM glucose readings between 12 midnight and 6:00 a.m. from 176 subjects assigned to the CGM group of the trial. The percentage of nights in which hypoglycemia occurred (two consecutive CGM readings ≤60 mg/dl in 20 min) was computed for each subject. Associations with baseline characteristics and clinical fact

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  10. Sustained Benefit of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on A1C, Glucose Profiles, and Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 104 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in intensively treated adults with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 83 of 86 individuals ≥25 years of age with type 1 diabetes who used CGM as part of a 6-month randomized clinical trial in a subsequent 6-month extension study. RESULTS: After 12 months, median CGM use was 6.8 days per week. Mean change in A1C level from baseline to 12 months was −0.4 ± 0.6% (P < 0.001) in subjects with baseline A1C ≥7.0%. A1C remained stable at 6.4% in those with baseline A1C <7.0%. The incidence rate of severe hypoglycemia was 21.8 and 7.1 events per 100 person-years in the first and last 6 months,

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  11. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Current Use in Diabetes Management and Possible Future Applications

    Martina Vettoretti, Giacomo Cappon, Giada Acciaroli, et al. · 2018 · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · 96 citations

    The recent announcement of the production of new low-cost continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors, the approval of marketed CGM sensors for making treatment decisions, and new reimbursement criteria have the potential to revolutionize CGM use. After briefly summarizing current CGM applications, we discuss how, in our opinion, these changes are expected to extend CGM utilization beyond diabetes patients, for example, to subjects with prediabetes or even healthy individuals. We also elaborate on how the integration of CGM data with other relevant information, for example, health records and other medical device/wearable sensor data, will contribute to creating a digital data ecosystem that

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  12. The use of real time continuous glucose monitoring or flash glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes: A consensus view of Italian diabetes experts using the Delphi method

    Daniela Bruttomesso, Luigi Laviola, Angelo Avogaro, et al. · 2019 · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · 72 citations

    Until recently, in Italy, the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has been limited, but is now rapidly increasing, including the so-called real-time CGM (rtCGM) and the intermittently viewed CGM (iCGM), also called Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM). These technologies overcome many of the limitations of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by fingerprick and allow to go beyond HbA1c to check glucose control in diabetes. However, standardized protocols for applying and interpreting rtCGM and FGM data are lacking. In this paper, we delineate a consensus amongst Italian diabetes physicians on the attributes of rtCGM and FGM technologies, and introduce a consistent approach for th

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  13. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: The Future of Diabetes Management

    Mark R. Burge, Stephen Mitchell, Alison M. Sawyer, et al. · 2008 · Diabetes Spectrum · 66 citations

    In Brief Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has the potential to revolutionize diabetes care in the near future because of the real-time feedback it provides about therapeutic interventions and variations in lifestyle or dietary intake. In short, CGM has made the attainment of near-normal blood glucose concentrations an achievable goal for most patients with diabetes. Several challenges remain to be addressed, however, including the high cost of the devices, limitations in approved clinical uses, and insurance coverage for the technology. This article reviews the CGM technology currently available in the United States, its approved uses, and its limitations.

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  15. Flash Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Implications for Use of Continuous Data in Daily Diabetes Management

    Irl B. Hirsch, Elizabeth Nardacci, Carol A. Verderese · 2019 · Diabetes Spectrum · 11 citations

    Full realization of the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) depends on addressing barriers such as cost, accuracy, burdens of daily use, and uncertainty about applying the data. Lack of systematic education has also hampered widespread adoption among patients and health care professionals. This article describes the practical application of an affordable and intuitive category of CGM called “flash” that requires users to scan the sensor with a handheld reader for on-demand access to continuous data. The data may be used for in-the-moment therapy adjustment, retrospective review of glucose patterns, and observation of glucose trending in response to behavior. Higher rates of flash

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  18. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Revolution in Diabetes Management

    Suresh Kumar, Gulab Singh · 2025 · Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International)

    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has transformed diabetes management by providing real-time insights into glucose levels and trends. CGM systems track glucose levels continuously, enabling individuals to make informed decisions about insulin, food, and exercise. This review article highlights the evolution of CGM technology, its benefits, and limitations. We explore various CGM systems, including sensor-augmented pumps, smart CGM sensors, and non-invasive devices. We also discuss the impact of CGM on clinical outcomes by providing real-time blood glucose levels which helps in preventing severe hypoglycemia episodes, quality of life, and healthcare economics. Furthermore, we examine emergi

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  21. Short-Term Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Devices in the Multidisciplinary Active Diabetes Clinic

    Gagandeep Gill · 2022 · Diabetes & Obesity International Journal

    The MemorialCare Medical Foundation ACTIVE Diabetes program aims to engage poorly controlled diabetic patients in the management of their chronic disease in order to reduce their risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. This is done through a combination of medication management and lifestyle coaching. Newer technologies such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have become commonly used in order to support patient engagement in diabetes management. In our practice, short term use of CGM devices have been shown to increase patients’ awareness of blood sugar trends which leads to improvements in lifestyle changes and medication adherence. Our team first observed this b

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